How to get into Cambridge (University) – a 1980s MFL experience

1 June 2024 Dr Sophie Louisa Bennett, PhD Conservation Biology (Lincoln 2016), MA Modern and Medieval – German and Swedish (KC 1987, Cantab 2020), Diploma in Translation – German into English (City University/Institute of Linguists 1998)


My 1986 issue passport. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

It was a long time since I had really thought about ‘how I got into Cambridge’, largely because it was the best part of 35 years before the enquirer asked the question.  The question was not asked in an entirely innocent fashion; rather, in a challenging fashion.  In my mind I inserted ‘on Earth’. As if the person posing the question didn’t believe I had been there and was quite sceptical of me ever having met the standard.  Or perhaps that was the self-persecuting ‘mini-me’ in my head telling me I really hadn’t been deserving.

In fact, it was almost as if someone else had been casting aspersions.  But I’ll set that thought to one side.  Nasty thought.  But not untypical of women, unfortunately. We are at heart often less soft than men believe, although at the same time thin-skinned AND ultra-competitive creatures (intensely dislike the word – as well as the behaviour – but can’t think of anything better) and always comparing ourselves or our offspring with others

How did I ever get into Cambridge University then?  Now, let me think.  There was a longish and yet not so winding road that led me to the front gates of King’s College.

In my school, once I’d reached the third year (13/14 years of age) it had already been suggested to me by the Headmaster, who was an Oxford man, that Oxbridge would be a possibility. Hmmm.

I chose my ‘O’ level subjects with Modern Languages in mind, and not necessarily English.  The school was exceptionally good at Languages Teaching (that’s not to say it wasn’t bad in Maths or Sciences or in fact any other subject however) and was already putting one or two other students, including one from my village a few years above me, forward for Cambridge.

I only took one science subject: Chemistry – which I loved for the Periodic Table and the ions amongst other things, not to mention the pretty colour changes and the precipitation. And both Geography and History:  I’d always enjoyed both tremendously.  In a sense I regarded them as being essential. And five languages, but not all at once.

Fortunately, I achieved almost all ‘A’ grades at ‘O’ level (x 12) and made myself retake English Language in order to better my ‘B’ which was the result of an exam entry a year early, alongside French (pas de problème) at 15 rather than 16 – the whole class was put in for this.  Further ‘O’ levels included French Literature, which we took in the lower 6th and at some point someone had called it an ‘O/A’ Level.  Almost like a forerunner to the ‘AS’ (Advanced Subsidiary).

Then for ‘A’ Levels and Special Papers at 18, still with no real concrete thought of what and where to study.  English Literature, French, German (and Russian ‘O’ Level).  The Headmaster’s daughter in the year above had gone off to King’s to study German and French.  I looked at other colleges, including newer ones – Fitzwilliam didn’t suit me ultimately however.

There was no real preparation: no coaching for the interview, just a few chats at lunchtime with Mr Taylor about German(y).  We mainly employed Spiegel and Stern magazines and occasionally set texts – ah, yes, Frühlingserwachen, a classic for angsty teenagers – I probably looked at old-to-very-old copies of Brigitte and Bravo too and wrote letters and received them to/from penfriends.  When I had what-I-call ‘friends’. What I mostly remember about the ‘prep’ sessions for Cambridge University were his references to travels on the Continent and his opinion of Goethe as being not-quite-a-polymath (wasn’t a musician – Mr Taylor was).  I was the only entrant for ‘A’ level German in my year at RPS and had to be taught with pupils from the school across the road.   Lessons took place in the halfway house of the old wooden wartime (?) huts close to the school perimeter.  At least they wouldn’t have to walk too far into ‘foreign territory’. The NK teacher, Mr Marriott, was a Cambridge man (later a Liberal Democrat councillor) – but beyond him occasionally talking about the requirements in his day, there was no formal advice and I somehow detected he was lukewarm towards his alma mater.

In order to get a place on any degree course in those days (the late 1980s) you filled out a UCAS form and put down your Universities or Polytechnics of choice in order of preference.  If you’d been pointed in that direction, you couldn’t put down both Oxford AND Cambridge.  And university admissions departments were likely to refuse you if they perceived you didn’t favour them highly enough.  Or, indeed, refused to attend interview, as I did with Manchester!  I’d put it down purely because a number of staff members had studied there and it had a good reputation for languages.

Surrey, as it happens, didn’t really seem to care, and, even though I did not attend for interview, offered me a place to do Russian and Swedish (or was it German) with translation/interpretation, only requiring ‘C’ grades.  Durham made me an offer of ‘B’ grades. I had attended an interview there at my college of choice but the prospect of sharing a room was something that put me off a bit.

In December 1986, I went off to King’s College Cambridge for an interview, dressed smartly in something I didn’t normally wear and felt self-conscious in.  I knew later from other students that some had turned up in jeans and nobody had batted an eyelid. Or maybe they had but were so impressed by said person that there was no debate that they would fit into college/university life.


Sophie Louisa Bennett as she was in 1986 before going up to Cambridge the following year. Bad hair (but I was a fan of Chris Waddle and Clive at Tottenham), not such great makeup and 80s clothes. But then it was indeed the 1980s. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

The inside of my passport issued in 1986 which bears a photo of me looking as I did more or less when I went up to Cambridge University. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

In those days, there was also an alternative form of entry and for some a scholarship, which could take the pressure off: an entrance exam.  A fellow pupil at Robert Pattinson School had already achieved an open invitation having aced his entrance exam for Modern Languages.  However, at King’s this was not the entry method: offers were made based on the UCAS form which would include references and recommendations from teachers who knew you well, AND your personal statement, submission of written work for discussion during an interview (‘mini-supervision’) and passing that interview with Dons in two subject areas related to your chosen course.


Sophie Louisa Bennett (KC 1987, Cantab) in the Upper 6th – probably closer to how I looked once I got to King’s College. Photo of photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

In my case, I was interviewed by the Director of Studies for German and one of the senior staff for French (which I wasn’t intending to study anyway).  And about whom I knew certain things through a former pupil at my school!  Well, I knew he was regarded as being good-looking, was ‘quite attentive’ to some students, and liked surfing.  Was even featured some years later in a Sunday Magazine supplement.  And I wasn’t remotely interested in water sports so that wouldn’t be a point of conversation. Qu’est-ce que c’est qu’on a discuté?  Ideés reçues, je crois. Oh, yes, I’ve received plenty of ideas and opinions over the years.  Not to mention given some, of the latter at least. Whether the recipient wanted them or not.

I felt rather less comfortable talking to the French Don – can still picture his silver locks now – as he had placed the chair for me in what seemed like the middle of the room and he sat a long way away, perhaps even behind a desk at first.  In my head, I envisage myself tied to the chair, hands behind my back, like some sort of torture victim – maybe a member of the SOE trying to bat away his questions – being interrogated and trying to convince the interrogating officer that I could speak French perhaps not like a native but to get by.  Erika, in the meantime, placed interviewees in a comfortable chair closer to her desk – possibly in order to look them more searchingly in the eye.  She was always kindly in her manner though. So much more humane, the German department.

At any rate, despite nerves, I managed not to faint and afterwards I skipped back across King’s Parade breathing a sigh of relief and Dad and I might even have stopped for something to drink at the Copper Kettle.  But I honestly can’t remember that bit as I was so relieved to have it behind me.

Some time after Christmas, early in 1987, the letter arrived.  Not an open invitation but an offer, nonetheless: they would take me if I achieved an A, A, B (no requirements with regard to Special Papers as they were extras anyway).   And the rest was history, even if I did have the distinct impression I had fouled up in my English Literature ‘A’ Level.

I won’t say I found the process or the exams easy. Even if I might even have enjoyed some papers at ‘A’ Level. It felt like hard work.  I was ill for months afterwards and well into the first term would often fall asleep in the afternoon.  I’d had a nasty bout of tonsilitis. My sister (who was not a particularly good nurse at the time) and I would joke about having tonsils like Swiss cheese for years afterwards.

So that is how to get into Cambridge – plus some of what to expect.  Or at least it was how I got into Cambridge, and what I experienced, in 1987.  I was 18 and the world was my oyster, as the saying goes. 


Just after ‘A’ Levels and not too well, in the back garden in Skellingthorpe. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

This is verifiable personal history of the writer and not some fiction by a fantasist or identity fraudster. Dr Sophie Louisa Bennett



Sophie Louisa Bennett, BA MML (Hons) in 1991 after graduating from King’s College, Cambridge. Photo of photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

How NOT to bake a Victoria Sponge

1 June 2024Dr Sophie Louisa Bennett, PhD Conservation Biology (Lincoln 2016), MA Modern and Medieval Languages – German and Swedish (KC 1987, Cantab 2020)


A Victoria Sponge – as loved by Queen Victoria. Photo from English Heritage webpages

I was asked by Mum to bake a cake ‘in honour’ of a visitor – family members we have not seen in a while – the following day.  I don’t like baking particularly and was startled that she should plump for a ‘Victoria Sponge’.  A very specific requirement. 

How not to bake a Victoria Sponge when asked so directly? The easiest method is to reject the suggestion of using the Victoria Sponge method of baking a sandwich cake, because, let’s face it, it’s a faff!  All that creaming and carefully adding teaspoons of egg in order to avoid curdling…

There is a recipe on the English Heritage website, since the Victoria Sponge is thought to have been ‘invented’ in honour of Queen Victoria (1), who ruled for rather a long time and obviously ate quite a lot of afternoon teas during the latter part of the 19th century. Alternatively, you can use a Delia Smith recipe and get a similar effect with less frustration than the Victoria method.

There are one or two alternatives I know of: the All-in-One Sponge uses 4oz or 110g of dry ingredients and butter, plus 2 large eggs, a teaspoon of baking powder etc – and plenty of elbow grease and patience.  By contrast, the Fresh Lemon Curd Cake recipe uses 6oz/175g of dry ingredients and butter, plus 3 standard eggs, a small amount of baking powder (despite use of self-raising flour) and a tablespoon of lemon juice and zest of one lemon in the batter.  You could possibly leave the latter out if you don’t want a lemony taste, but it goes well with raspberry jam in the centre (we don’t bother with buttercream).   Must be seedless raspberry jam in our household.


Delia Smith’s recipe for Fresh Lemon Curd Cake from Mum (Denise Bennett’s) copy of her book on cakes. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

A Fresh Lemon Curd Sponge using the Delia Smith recipe – but minus the Lemon Curd and with seedless Raspberry Jam. With flowers from a Ukrainian girl in the background. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

[The fresh lemon curd is surprisingly easy to make – Delia recommends a whole egg recipe which I have got right a few times and at other times ended up with a few ‘curds’ or soft lumps, but this doesn’t really matter as they are perfectly edible and add texture.]

Not quite as easy as ABC, but certainly easier than the Victoria Sponge method.


The spine of Mum’s copy of Delia Smith’s recipes for cakes – reading from the bottom in a clockwise direction – abc – but actually from Book Club Associates. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

Notes:

(1) Queen Victoria and a bit about the history of her sponge cake…

THE QUEEN AND HER CAKES

In honour of the Great British Bake Off returning to our screens, Curator Michael Hunter gives a brief account of a quintessential British institution, afternoon tea, and gets to the soggy bottom of three cakes closely associated with Queen Victoria: Battenburg Cake, Victoria Sponge and Osborne Pudding. Queen Victoria had a very “sweet tooth” and the royal kitchens were kept busy catering to this particular aspect of their mistress’s appetite.

“… the confectionery cooks are kept busy all the year round at Windsor, for wherever the Court may be there must follow a large supply of cakes. Among the favourites of the Queen which are carefully packed in small tin boxes, and sent to the Court four times a week, were chocolate sponges, wafers of two or three different shapes, langues de chat, biscuits and drop cakes of all kinds, tablets, petit fours, princess and rice cakes, pralines, almond sweets, and a large quantity of mixed sweets”.

The Private Life of the Queen. By One of Her Majesty’s Servants. 1897

Queen Victoria and rather extensive family at Osborne House (IoW). Image from the English Heritage website

HISTORY OF AFTERNOON TEA

Afternoon tea, as we understand it, only seems to have come about following the circulation of cookery books in the 1870s and 80s, but the idea of taking tea was in existence by the late eighteenth century.

The Victorians made tea drinking very much their own and it soon became an essential part of socialising. Afternoon tea was less troublesome than inviting a guest for dinner, but more inviting than an afternoon visit with no refreshment.

These afternoon teas were essentially a feminine activity associated with the domestic realm. At Osborne House, this suited Queen Victoria’s indulgence in creating a domestic idyll.

VICTORIA SPONGE: HEALTH AND SAFETY GONE MAD?

A quintessential English teatime treat, the Victoria Sponge, is another cake associated with Queen Victoria. It is widely thought that this sponge cake sandwiched together with raspberry jam and dusted on the top with caster sugar was the Queen’s favourite.

Originally, the Victoria Sponge may have started in the nursery. In the early Victorian period, afternoon tea consisted of seed cake and fruit cake. For safety reasons, it was believed that children should not eat a cake containing pieces of fruit or seeds. The light, harmless Victoria Sponge was prepared as a teatime treat for them instead! Only later on did it make its way to the adult tea table.

See:

https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/inspire-me/blog/blog-posts/cakes/


Denise Bennett’s copy of Delia Smith’s Book of Cakes. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

The Annual Field Trip to Boggle Hole via Bempton – Spring 2017

31 May 2024Dr Sophie Louisa Bennett, PhD Conservation Biology (Lincoln 2016), MA Modern and Medieval Languages – German and Swedish (KC 1987, Cantab 2020), Diploma in Translation – German into English (City University/Institute of Linguists 1998)


At Bempton Cliffs on the way to Boggle Hole, spring 2017 with Lincoln University. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

Well, not exactly Ecuador or a rain forest, but okay for a week-long field trip nonetheless.  The annual field trip to Boggle Hole for University of Lincoln undergraduates of anything to do with animal science.  For some students this might even be the trip of a lifetime and inspire them to do something new or follow another thing up.  Ten years before there had been no such field trips – a day out here or there to a local-ish Nature Reserve or activities on site at Riseholme. Some academics even considered that ‘experience in the field’ was up to the students themselves to organise during their own time.

For me, the loveliest aspect was probably a stop-off at Bempton to see the sea birds en route.  I’d never been in all my years of living really not that far away and yet having volunteered on an RSPB reserve all the way away down south in Dorset.  Spectacular.  Gannets, Fulmars, Kittiwakes, Razorbills and Guillemots, and I thought maybe even Little Auks too, but my eyes were probably deceiving me.  Probably a Puffin in silhouette…


Seabirds on the cliffs at Bempton – Gannets (there is a huge Gannetry there) and a pair of Razorbills can be seen, spring 2017. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

As you go down towards the cliffs from the visitor centre you pass by hedgerows, margins and meadows alive with other sounds.  Plenty of bird song of course, but so much besides.  Bempton.  Spectacular for its Gannetry alone. 

I knew what would await us on the approach down to Boggle Hole and the Bay.  A very steep descent in the minibus and a narrow, stoney and slippery pathway to the Youth Hostel, along which we would pass multiple times, hefting suitcases and equipment for the ecological classroom space separate from the main Youth Hostel building.


Boggle Hole/Robin Hood’s Bay, spring 2017 showing University of Lincoln students on an evening’s ‘foraging’ and the Youth Hostel in the background. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

I shared a room with Liz, a proper marine biologist, who could easily find her way round a rock pool and much more.  She seemed so much in her element.  I could see her delight at being there.  Even though it was her birth(day) week (there is no such thing as a mere birthday nowadays!) and she was a way away from home.

My recollections are of a mostly relaxed atmosphere up until the final presentations when things became much more feverish and fraught.  Always happens with group work when you are on unfamiliar territory doing unfamiliar activities and working with unpredictable ‘variables’.  I wasn’t always that confident with directing the statistical analysis – although quite competent with SPSS – but I did suggest various activities for groups which they were free to pursue or not.  As we were at the coast, maybe a botanical foray.  As it happened the pair who took up my suggestion were enthusiastic, but not well-received by the academic evaluators.  Anyhow, at least they enjoyed their time in the great outdoors and, even if their identification of a “Nottingham Catchfly” was rather unlikely (although it was clearly one of the Campions), creditably engaged.


Two pages from my Collins photographic guide to wild flowers showing the Campions. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

One or two found Ammonites and other keepsakes.  On a previous visit some years before one had found a horse tooth which was thought to be prehistoric.  Never any footprints of the ancestors, that I know of. But how old were these Ammonites?  A perfect specimen, I think. I couldn’t remember exactly and a figure of millions of years came to mind – oh you have something in your hand there which is at least 60 million years old (an underestimate by only a few million years). Many tens of millions of years old – hardly conceivable really to a young species such as ours. 


An Ammonite, just visible in a rock pool on the shoreline of Robin Hood’s Bay, spring 2017. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

Paul E. and Charles D. (my PhD supervisors) on the beach at Robin Hood’s Bay with University of Lincoln students all around, spring 2017. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

I felt I learnt a lot myself – especially the anatomy of the The Oar Weed with its strong stipe and ‘anchor’ – the holdfast.  Many other species of Seaweed carpeted the rocky shoreline and held as well as camouflaged dangers; an array of colours, some red, others reminiscent of army camouflage.  Depending on their species and freshness. I held many a Hermit Crab, was nipped by Shore and Velvet Crabs, saw Brittlestars and shy Fishes, brushing against the Anemones to provoke a reaction.


Paul E. in his element on the rocky shoreline of Robin Hood’s Bay, spring 2017. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

A Brittlestar in a rock pool on the shoreline of Robin Hood’s Bay, spring 2017. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

As ever, I took photo after photo.  The conditions were so brilliant for the most part.  There was sampling and surveying on the beach for both Seaweed species and marine animals.  Students threw quadrats and counted what they found. You just had to watch out for tricky tides and striations and markings and ruts in the rocks that could be confusing if you were trying to work out where your transect was running and whether you were walking in a straight line towards the cliff face.


Throwing quadrats along a transect down on the rocky shoreline of Robin Hood’s Bay, spring 2017 (University of Lincoln). Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

Various Field Studies Council (FSC) guides to Seaweeds and other inhabitants of beaches and rocky shoreline communities. Some of the numerous materials taken for students to refer to on the Boggle Hole field trip. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

The incoming tide was something to be aware of – especially at night in the dark, slightly inebriated after a visit to the pubs across Robin Hood’s Bay.  Some were nearly caught out.  Not I as I stuck soberly to the cliff top and the long dark path back to Boggle.

Apart from losing a favourite pair of pants (gone for good down the laundry chute wrapped in a sheet no doubt) and the awkwardness of sharing unisex toilets, which are never plentiful enough in a Youth Hostel, there were many good memories.  Charles and Paul pulled my leg, Charles particularly on the way back in the minibus: in more melancholy mood I took up my usual pursuit of I Spy Roadkill.  As we drove south along single carriageway, but nonetheless fast-moving roads, over the Humber Bridge and down the A15 homewards.


An abundance and diversity of Seaweeds on the shoreline of Boggle Hole/Robin Hood’s Bay, spring 2017. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

Strange how I find only today that the first track on the 1997 Clannad compilation I have is from the album Dúlamán – Seaweed! I hadn’t listened to the album for months and something made me pick it up… Today I went from Robin Hood’s Bay to Robin the Hooded Man, via the Shetland Isles – and back in the room again. Siúil, a RúinSiúil go socar agus siúil go ciúin – Walk steadily and walk softly. And I suppose that is all we can ask people to do now – tread lightly


Robin Hood’s Bay – a post card featuring a water colour by Pat Bell bought on a previous visit to Boggle Hole, as teaching staff with the University of Lincoln, in 2010 or 2011 (with Ram). Photo of own card: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix


Robin Hood’s Bay – The Dock. The focal point of the fishing village. From an original painting by Pat Bell. The card was copyrighted by Gatehouse Prints Pickering and bought in Robin Hood’s Bay by me when I was a member of supervisory/teaching staff on my first visit to Boggle Hole in 2010 or 2011 when a GTA with the University of Lincoln as an MPhil/Doctoral candidate. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

The Old Trees – a day surveying in Sherwood Forest

29 May 2024Dr Sophie Louisa Bennett, PhD Conservation Biology (Lincoln 2016), longtime member of the Woodland Trust


The Lead of the Natural England Field Unit we joined in a Sherwood Forest compartment – October 2017. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

There they stood, the very old or veteran or ancient trees, in a row. Spaced, but definitely in a row. At Edwinstowe.

As was/is her wont, Delphine encouraged me to go out to do something in Nature. She and Chris took me over to Sherwood – Sherwood ‘proper’ not the chopped off (and chopped up) bit we call The Old Wood, or Big Wood, in Skellingthorpe.

But we weren’t there to visit the Major Oak, or any other minor specimens. We were there to assist the Natural England Field Unit with a day of surveying one compartment.

After American pancakes at the Little Chef, we drove up to meet Francis (NOT my brother) and his crew. Delphine and Chris worked in one part; I worked with Francis in another. We plotted the trees and measured girths to get some idea of their age. Noting other species as we went.

I took a lot of photos, but cannot seem to re-find them: very remiss of a once-upon-a-time would-be librarian. Only one is now easily accessible – of Francis himself, standing against one of these grand old specimens. I sent a copy to him as I do with pictures I think people will like as a memento. Even if it turns out they don’t.

The Oaks seemed to be evenly spaced and seemed almost as if they had been planted. I could imagine an avenue. Nonetheless, the majority had girths of between 5 and 6 metres. Veteran if not ancient trees – possibly planted at the time of one of the King Charles (I mean I or II), or maybe even Elizabethan. I prefer to think Restoration… On one broad trunk a small bright yellow slug. Much to my surprise and fascination. An ancient woodland indicator (AWI), said Francis – not my brother (!) but Lead of the Natural England Field Unit we joined that day – uploading a picture and the record straightaway.

Some may scratch their heads and say, well, yes, you knew you were in ancient woodland. Mere confirmation. Ah, yes, but seeing and recording such a species has a special place in itself in surveying and conservation. There were other signs too – undesirables which might be regarded by some as thugs (although to others they provide resources other plants do not): Himalayan Balsam right there in this woodland compartment at Edwinstowe.

I wasn’t particularly shocked about the Himalayan Balsam, more amused, having spoken elsewhere to a researcher who had investigated the plant’s value to Bees and other pollinators. A Royal Entomological Society meeting. I often used to think of the floral thugs of the plant world, the non-natives or even indigenous thrivers, maybe better that than nothing at all. Wandering along hedgerows and seeing only Thistle or Ragwort in the late season.

At the end of the surveying day, we were of course scratched from the Brambles – a natural hazard in such a place – and I was probably already worrying about how I was going to pull through the threads on my clothes and socks. And only a little weary, even though none of the three of us was technically young any more. In fact, rather, mature. And one day older and wiser to boot.


Dr Sophie Louisa Bennett

Earthworms – latest research shows ongoing population declines in GB/UK

29 May 2024A brief overview by Dr Sophie Louisa Bennett (PhD Conservation Biology, Lincoln 2016) prompted by announcements of research by Cambridge University/BTO


Earthworms in one of the compost bins at home – regularly ‘fed’ and watered. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

Cambridge University/BTO has recently reported the outcomes of research into Earthworm populations showing evidence of ongoing declines in abundance in a range of habitats. Including in environments either not previously widely researched (and therefore underreported) and in those habitats where abundance had been anticipated to be higher than shown. Woodland/forest soils are one example of the latter.

Earthworms have for logical reasons long been a research focus in agricultural ecosystems, in particular. Widely imagined to be abundant – possibly even to those who thought they were informed – and one of the most familiar invertebrates to even the non-expert. A range of factors affect their numbers, as they do – to varying degrees- other invertebrate life in or on the soil (e.g. New, 2005).

It might surprise those who have any interest in soil fauna or invertebrates that there are reckoned to be between 3,000 and 4,000 species of Oligochaeta worldwide. Different species may of course respond differently to environmental conditions. They occupy different niches, with some Earthworms preferring to burrow deep into the soil, while others occupy horizontal ‘galleries’ not far from the soil surface and yet others remain largely surface-active, or thrive, say, only in certain ‘specialist’ habitats, such as compost heaps, following a coprophagic lifestyle (and they certainly are thriving from what I see in our family compost bin). Few species are said to occupy soils in wet forests.

Since Earthworms contribute significantly both to breaking down nutrients in soil and influencing soil structure, as well as providing a food source for many animals higher up the food chain, their environmental fate is rightfully considered repeatedly in research studies.

Over time, Earthworms have been considered in research into the effects of pesticide application (both lethal and sub-lethal effects on behaviour and physiology), but there are other concerns too relating to wider environmental conditions including the climate. It is obvious that an animal such as an Earthworm with sensitive membranes would be sensitive to drought conditions, changes in temperature and rainfall patterns. Excessively wet weather may have a negative effect leading to mortality – possibly through decreased food supply, decreased opportunities to mate and decreased fecundity, increased disease etc.


The potential effects of pesticides on Earthworms (New, 2005). Photo of page from own copy: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

Research in the 1960s indicated that Fungi could favour higher soil acidity and with certain Fungal species there comes a risk of negative effects on soil fauna. (Perhaps even rarely beneficial effects should those creatures be fungivorous.)

Certain bacterial species introduced into the environment for targeted purposes, such as Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis), have been identified as a potential threat, although that threat is perhaps lower to Earthworms than to other species.

Management of agricultural (and other) soils, including level of ‘disturbance’ (e.g. through till/no-till approaches) and compaction etc, is another factor, with larger Earthworms even preferring higher levels of disturbance, notably as a result of intensive grazing. It is conceivable in non-agricultural environments, such as amenity areas, that factors such as number of visitors will affect soil structure negatively. And who can say whether all conservation measures are entirely conducive to target and non-target species?

Not all of these variables are entirely or even partially under our control, but at least they are known about and interventions can occur. As ever there are repeated calls for further monitoring of the situation. Whether ultimately abundance as well as diversity will be stabilised or restored may be a different question.

I was intrigued to discover from personal experience of peering regularly into the garden compost bin just how abundant Earthworms can be, but they are living in optimal (protected, part natural, part man-made) conditions of adequate moisture, relatively stable and predictable temperatures (often very warm, but never very cold), diverse structure and often diverse and abundant food sources. If you require such diversity in order to maintain abundance (and diversity) that is already a huge message.



Support the BTO – the organisation which conducted the Earthworm research. Photo of envelope received recently showing a Greenfinch and a Chaffinch (you will know why): Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

Three quite interesting but older books on the fundamentals of soil animals:

New, T. R. (2005) Invertebrate Conservation and Agricultural Ecosystems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Wallwork, J. A. (1976) The Distribution and Diversity of Soil Fauna. London/New York/San Francisco: Academic Press

Wallwork, J. A. (1970) Ecology of soil animals. London/New York/Sydney/Toronto/Mexico/Johannesburg/Panama: McGraw-Hill


NBN Atlas of Earthworm records for the British Isles (2020). This may be a surprising distribution map to some, but is a reflection of what is known as ‘recorder effort’. Image from the NBN Atlas online

More recent sources (including both peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed commentary) on Earthworms and factors affecting Earthworm populations:

https://www.bto.org/our-science/publications/peer-reviewed-papers/collation-century-soil-invertebrate-abundance-data

https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/items/7c41771e-b784-4085-81b2-e0a94d848cd7

https://www.cranfield.ac.uk/press/news-2019/earthworm-population–triples-with-use-of-cover–crops

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-13469733/Get-wiggle-save-British-earthworm-Experts-plead-decisive-action-save-essential-creatures.html

https://www.economist.com/britain/2024/05/22/whats-behind-britains-earthworm-cataclysm [a recognition of the economic important of good ‘health’ in soil fauna]

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10069791/

https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-021-02139-5


Earthworm monitoring/biological recording scheme information for the UK/GB:

https://nbn.org.uk/biological-recording-scheme/earthworm-society-of-britain/

https://www.brc.ac.uk/scheme/earthworm-society-britain-national-earthworm-recording-scheme

https://www.earthwormsoc.org.uk/


Earthworms (unknown species) in a Skellingthorpe compost bin 29 May 2024 – below the top layer and nice and warm amongst a diversity of foodstuff. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

Timothy O’Brien – an RAF painting

28 May 2024Dr Sophie Louisa Bennett, PhD Conservation Biology (Lincoln 2016), MA Modern and Medieval Languages – German and Swedish (KC 1987, Cantab 2020), Diploma in Translation – German into English (City University/Institute of Linguists 1998)


A reproduction of a painting by Timothy O’Brien of Lancaster and two Spitfires with Tattershall Castle in the background. Date unknown. Photo of own section of an old greetings card (?): Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

I did some tidying up today – much needed but prompted only a slight pause, pursed lips and eye-rolling in loved ones. Just one box and one drawer in which I’d kept a variety of oddities for years. An overspill from drawers in the room next door where I’d cleared some space for a new occupant. Old letters (and cards in all likelihood) – ‘gamla brev‘ (what other type is there?) as the box at the top of Malin’s wardrobe read in calligraphised handwriting. I found her again, the 1986 version, and the original paperwork from an application for an international pen-friend during my lower 6th.


The International Youth Service paperwork for obtaining a pen-friend from ‘overseas’ in 1986. Photo of own application for a Swedish penfriend: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

Amongst the paperwork was evidence of purchases from years of online shopping, including BHS – now surely counting as something historically valuable. Receipts and delivery notes for Christmas presents. Items from the Body Shop – Monoi oil with its warm rich comforting smell. Cards and gifts and household goods from the RSPB, SPANA, Natural Collection, Atlas (clothing for real men), La Redoute etc etc.

There were also some labels from presents – both birthday and Advent/Christmas – ones I’d thought particularly lovely and put aside temporarily for sorting at some point in the future… Not the near future as it happened.

A mouth-painting of the Brandenburg Gate from friends in Germany which had accompanied a box of numbered tea sachets, one for each day of December up to Christmas Eve. Some evidently old greetings cards on which Mum had used pinking shears to create a label, with all her/their love.


A depiction of the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin – painted with the mouth by Thomas Kahlau, with German from Willy Brandt: “What belongs together is now growing together, as one” which is a reference to the unification of Germany and the great city of Berlin itself. Photo of card sent from Belm: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

Then, having shuffled through various papers, pieces of card and notes, I came across a very curious find, both ‘serendipitous’ and poignant: a reproduction of a painting by Timothy O’Brien, of the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight, showing a Lancaster and two Spitfires. With Tattershall Castle behind in the background. I have a vague memory of finding this small picture in a frame I bought secondhand from a charity shop years ago. I had evidently taken it out and kept it because of family history – my paternal grandfather who reached the rank of Squadron Leader during the Cold War and had been ‘in Lancasters’ amongst other aircraft.

Who knows how I re-discovered this today. I thought of the Spitfire pilot and the plane and the people who have cared for both over many years.


A reproduction of a painting by Timothy O’Brien showing Spitfires and a Lancaster. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

England, England – a Bank Holiday history

28 May 2024 (written on 26 May) – Dr Sophie Louisa Bennett, PhD Conservation Biology (Lincoln 2016), MA Modern and Medieval Languages – German and Swedish (KC 1987, Cantab 2020), Diploma in Translation – German into English (City University/Institute of Linguists 1998)


My DIY till receipt from a famous DIY chain in the UK. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

Friday afternoon, late May, imminent Bank Holiday. So, what do we like to do on Bank Holidays in the UK? Ah, yes… Around the time the school run starts and traffic builds up on the roads in and out of town. Dad had decided this was the right time to visit a large, nationally-known retailer of certain goods we needed, due to breakages and maintenance. Having dawdled along in the traffic, we reached our destination.

I was soon browsing the shelves of the paint section of that DIY store in town. B without Q on this occasion (few customers and self-service you see). Off Tritton Road where the first tanks were tested. The store is huge – hangar-like with plenty of headspace above unused and floorspace full of row-upon-row of fascinating supplies. Big enough to house many aircraft or tanks, but perhaps not a boat.

I had only visited – with my father – for paint and brushes and was deliberating over which shade to take – a shade of white or cream. ‘Natural’. To ward off moisture and mould. As I was minding my own business, quietly a couple approached from behind. A man and a woman evidently looking for paint supplies from the opposite shelf behind me. From where I couldn’t see. I heard however some Russian and the exclamations of “Smottree!” Familiar, second person imperative – although not said in an particularly insistent manner – for “look!”.

Yes, take a look at what’s on offer in a ‘hangar’ in a small-ish (but-much-larger-than-it-used-to-be) town in the East Midlands. The Russian-speaker said more – which I didn’t catch or understand since I have only the rudiments of Russian. He – the S.O. – was evidently non-committal. And she, deliberating and without a sensible response, said in a calmly indecisive fashion: “Yah n’yeh z’n-eye-yooh“. I didn’t look round. She didn’t know in the end what to pick – which shade of white or cream or whatever she thought she wanted – although the word ‘Magnolia’ passed her lips. If this had been Russia under the Soviets she wouldn’t have had a problem, now, would she? Nyet.

But this was England, May 2024, and there was so much choice. So much freedom… Just look. They looked, but didn’t buy and walked away. That was their prerogative. I selected my purchases, paid and left. Dad could not find everything he wanted and so visited a large independent garden centre nearby the following day.

That following day the old Spitfire crashed. I thought to myself: there goes another piece of England, my England. And this would take more than a lick of paint to restore. In fact, some of the damage would be irreparable.


Dr Sophie Louisa Bennett, O&C Russian GCE/’O’ level (1987) – Grade A (taught by the daughter of Ukrainian immigrants): Yeah, amazing how much, or how little, you remember sometimes. One of my other favourite words (apart from the one for mushrooms) is tree-nadsat (no, nothing to do with trees or woodland), also voss-cress-enya, rozh-d’yest-voh, d’yen rozh-d’yen-eeyah, voss-seem.

Chet-teary (well, Chet isn’t so much teary as craggy, I would say). Yah eee-gr’eye-yooh. Yah plaque-eye-yooh.

Full of Eastern Promise.

Mario (Cantab) – thrice-sighted

24 May 2024Dr Sophie Louisa Bennett, PhD Conservation Biology (Lincoln 2016), MA Modern and Medieval Languages – German and Swedish (KC 1987, Cantab), Diploma in Translation – German into English (City University/Institute of Linguists 1998)


Mario’s – the smart wallet of a serviette from an ice cream cafe on the seafront at Weymouth. Acquired 2016 and still in my possession. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Pansonic Lumix

Mum and Sophie Louisa visited Mario’s ice-cream parlour on the Esplanade in Weymouth.  June 2016.  Sophie Louisa kept one of the serviettes because the pink and white striped packaging and the picture of the Rialto bridge in Venice appealed to her.  The name made her think of a postgraduate student at King’s in Cambridge in the late 80s; a Canadian (of Italian origin) who belonged to the friendship group of her then boyfriend, Alex W.  Mario who you could tell had an eye for the ladies and once memorably declared, in a Wilde-like fashion, or was that Mae West (?): “so many [wo]men, so little time”.  In his defence, it was at a drunken party for postgraduates on the other side of the Cam – beyond the back lawn and the meadow and that iron portcullis-type gate that students climbed over at night after ‘curfew’.

She remembered him but didn’t see him anymore after graduation.  Until by chance in the late 90s, in Venice.  In her mind, she had visited twice, and so memories of those two visits could have coalesced – or perhaps when they arrived it was pouring with rain and by the end it was sunny, at least intermittently.  At any rate, after a flight on which she thought she spotted Jenny Agutter – or maybe just a look-alike (she was often mocked for saying she’d spotted this or that celebrity – in fact the likelihood is that she perhaps thought she knew them better than some of her family and friends), she was spending a long weekend there and visiting the Rialto Bridge on a trip with Alex F.  From a short distance she could see it was Mario from King’s but didn’t know if he saw her.  She thought he may have spotted her and quickly looked away.  As you do. Maybe he was revisiting family or friends and was also taking in the Biennale di Venezia. We were staying close to the waterfront in a room which reminded her of the colour of the lagoon.  Quite dark in the interior downstairs, as she imagined many places were, due to the density of the buildings and their height.  Elegant, and slightly faded in its grandeur.

Having studied Mann, although never having seen any film versions (only stills), she had been somehow spooked at the sight of Mario and the quietness of certain parts of Venice – a city she thought must, like others in Italy, never sleep and always be full of life and chatter. She then often thought of the place in a negative fashion; Tod in Venedig or Don’t Look Now springs to mind.  And once she left Alex, she never wanted to go back again.  There was always an air of decline and decay about the place to her, no odour, but humidity and cold, and the German word ‘marode’ sprang to mind.  Despite the sugar-coated prettiness of the exterior of the Doge’s Palace and San Marco, the Cathedral. Probably because of Thomas Mann – von Aschenbach – grey water – and Dirk Bogarde, and the chilling film with Sutherland and Christie.

After an interval of many years, shortly before she left London in 2005, Sophie Louisa agreed to meet up with another person in a cosy alcove in the foyer of a hotel in Mayfair.  Just to quickly grab a drink and chat, as the other person just happened to be in that part of town. She got there early and was waiting for that other person to arrive.  She has forgotten who that was, and in her faded memory they failed to show.  At some point she noticed a young girl and Mario at a nearby table.  Again, she had no notion of whether he recognised her or not.  There was no uncertainty in her mind that it was him.  When he went off to the toilet she walked across to the girl who was waiting for him on her own and said “Hello, I think I know your Dad, could you please give my regards to him.  My name is Sophie.  Sophie Bennett from King’s [1987].”  And then Sophie Louisa left, at least that is what she remembered.

And then there was ‘the Weymouth coincidence’.  A decade or so after the last sighting of Mario, she and Mum spent a long weekend in Dorset.  After a day’s sightseeing, and in need of caffeine, they had chosen at random a place by the beach – just on the other side of the road, on the Esplanade.  A cup of coffee and, for Mum, a chance for a ciggie. Looking out to sea.  The café looked new. Perhaps Mario, instead of returning to his native Canada, had retired to the South coast and had opened this lovely – albeit rather empty – ice-cream emporium – the colours of the Doge’s Palace – on the seafront.  The serviettes were souvenir-worthy in their presentation.  A smart plastic wallet containing one quality bright white serviette which could be popped in a handbag and kept ‘just in case’.  The outside bore/bears an illustration of the Rialto bridge. She thought about him – about Mario – toasted him with cappuccino, even though it was already late in the afternoon.  And wished him well.


The reverse of the plastic serviette wallet from Mario’s in Weymouth. Acquired 2016 and still in my possession. Photo of hoarded item: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

My brother who is a terribly cynical person would probably laugh and say this is all imagined and that the writing is merely something inspired by On Chesil Beach, or a pale imitation of an author he and I both know.

This piece refers to people and places and events that actually took place and were not fictional in any way. All rights are reserved (well, they have to be gained) and if anyone would like to sue me or prove that this never took place, then go ahead. Dr Sophie Louisa Bennett.


Shetland – unvisited, yet seen and heard

22 May 2024Dr Sophie Louisa Bennett, PhD Conservation Biology (Lincoln 2016), MA Modern and Medieval Languages – German and Swedish (KC 1987, Cantab 2020), Diploma in Translation – German into English (City University/Institute of Linguists 1998)


Shetland – the soundtrack showing Douglas Henshall as Jimmy Perez. Photo: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

I’ve never been to any of the Scottish islands, despite a passing acquaintance with various parts of the mainland. And a love of the diversity of Scots accents. Not to mention tatties and neeps/neeps and tatties.

Shetland is a place I therefore know only through the medium of conversation and post cards and television. I think it will be evident which TV programme I’m thinking of for anyone familiar with a certain series.


A post card from Shetland from a friend sent some 18 years ago. Shows a Puffin and the Boddam Croft House Museum. By de.me.ter (I once danced a meditative dance to Demeter!) – editrice – dmtrphotos.com. Photo on post card: Didier Piquer. http://www.Visitshetland.com. Photo of own post card: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix

The soundtrack – which I bought for Dad some years ago and have borrowed today to play (over and over again) is so evocative and for me is a ‘Scottish sound’, a gaelic sound, an island sound, through and through. Some may find it morbid (that’s what Mum says) – I would rather say mournful, and that fits with the bleakness of Shetland and the subject matter of the programme. Dark deeds under often darkening skies.

Magnificent and lonely and brooding and suitable for rainy days indoors, or longer car journeys, because the sounds will calm you and lull you along on your way and bring you back safely to your destination.


John Lunn – sleeve notes about the composer of the theme music to Shetland. Photo of CD insert: Sophie Louisa Bennett with Panasonic Lumix